Ls Land Issue 26 Hawaiian Breeze --

Figure 9 displays surface temperature and wind deviations from the diurnal mean in the morning. At 0500 LST, the surface air over land is colder than the diurnal mean with a land-breeze/offshore flow component at the coast (Figs. 9a,b). The advection of cold air from the island interior to the wake zone is more significant when trades are stronger. After sunrise, it is warmer than the diurnal mean over parts of the central plain (Figs. 9c,d). In the meantime, the offshore wind component at the coast and mountain winds on the eastern slopes of the Waianae Range disappear. Under strong trades, the air over land, which is cooler than the diurnal mean, is advected off the western leeside coast (Fig. 9c).

Ls Land Issue 26 Hawaiian Breeze --

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Numerical studies of sea and lake breezes are reviewed. The modelled dependence of sea-breeze and lake-breeze characteristics on the land surface sensible heat flux, ambient geostrophic wind, atmospheric stability and moisture, water body dimensions, terrain height and slope, Coriolis parameter, surface roughness length, and shoreline curvature is discussed. Consensus results on the influence of these geophysical variables on sea and lake breezes are synthesized as well as current gaps in our understanding. A brief history of numerical modelling, an overview of recent high-resolution simulations, and suggestions for future research related to sea and lake breezes are also presented. The results of this survey are intended to be a resource for numerical modelling, coastal air quality, and wind power studies. 2ff7e9595c